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Current Analytical Chemistry
ISSN: 1573-4110
Current Analytical Chemistry
Volume 2, Number 1, January 2006
Contents
Mass Spectrometry Based Strategies in Quantitative Proteomics
Pp. 1-7
Francesco L. Brancia
[Abstract]
Atmospheric Pressure Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation
Mass Spectrometry: A Review Pp. 9-15
Colin S. Creaser and Lucy Ratcliffe
[Abstract]
Analysis of Nucleic Acids and Proteins in Capillary
Electrophoresis and Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis Using
Polymers as Additives of the Background Electrolytes
Pp. 17-33
Ming-Mu Hsieh, Tai-Chia Chiu, Wei-Lung Tseng and Huan-Tsung
Chang
[Abstract]
Recent Developments in Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis:
A Review Pp. 35-42
Jose Zavaleta, Dinora Chinchilla, Abby Brown, Alejandra
Ramirez, Violet Calderon,Taguhi Sogomonyan and Frank A. Gomez
[Abstract]
Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis with Electrochemical
Detection for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants
Pp. 43-50
Gang Chen, Yuehe Lin and Joseph Wang
[Abstract]
Electrochemical Biosensors for Superoxide Anion
Pp. 51-58
Yang Tian, Lanqun Mao and Takeo Ohsaka
[Abstract]
Quantum-Dot-Tagged Microbeads and their Use as Fluorescent
Biological Probes Pp. 59-66
Zhen-Li Huang, Yuan-Di Zhao and Qing-Ming Luo
[Abstract]
Single Cell Proteomics: Challenge for Current
Analytical Science Pp. 67-76
Bo Xu, Wei Du, Bi-Feng Liu and Qingming Luo
[Abstract]
Human Biomonitoring of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
by HPLC Methods Pp. 77-88
Naoya Kishikawa, Kaname Ohyama and Naotaka Kuroda
[Abstract]
Vibrational Spectroscopic Techniques for the Analysis
of Artefacts with Historical, Artistic and Archaeological
Value Pp. 89-100
Maite Pérez-Alonso, Kepa Castro and Juan Manuel
Madariaga
[Abstract]
Abstracts
[Back to top]
Mass Spectrometry Based Strategies in Quantitative Proteomics
Francesco L. Brancia
Quantification of gene expression is the sine qua non
in understanding how the components of a biological cell or
an organism change and interact following external or internal
perturbations. Analytical techniques that combine stable isotopic
protein and peptides labelling and mass spectrometric analysis
are becoming increasingly popular in determining protein abundance.
The common motif, which recurs in these bio-analytical methods,
is the parallel labelling of the protein samples with stable
isotopes. The ratio of the differently labelled peptide ions
observed in the mass spectrum reflects the differences in
concentration between the species in the combined mixture.
Isotopes can be introduced using labelled nutrients prior
to proteolytic digestion or by chemical derivatisation of
the peptide functional groups after proteolysis. Although
metabolic incorporation of labelled isotopes provides a more
global quantification strategy, chemical derivatisation based
approaches are also suitable for those laboratories with basic
proteomics facilities. Advantages and limitations of these
techniques are reviewed, highlighting examples of specific
biological applications.
[Back to top]
Atmospheric Pressure Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation
Mass Spectrometry: A Review
Colin S. Creaser and Lucy Ratcliffe
Atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
(AP-MALDI) was first introduced in 1999. In the last few years,
there has been a rapid growth in publications describing the
development and application of AP-MALDI to the mass spectrometric
analysis of peptides, polymers and oligosaccharides. This
short review discusses recent advances in AP-MALDI, focusing
on the analysis of biomolecules and the relative performance
of MALDI at atmospheric pressure and in vacuo.
[Back to top]
Analysis of Nucleic Acids and Proteins in Capillary
Electrophoresis and Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis Using
Polymers as Additives of the Background Electrolytes
Ming-Mu Hsieh, Tai-Chia Chiu, Wei-Lung Tseng and Huan-Tsung
Chang
This review article deals with recent development in the
analyses of proteins and DNA by capillary electrophoresis
(CE) and microchip CE (MCE) using polymer solutions. Polymer
solutions are commonly prepared from linear polymers such
as linear polyacrylamide, poly(ethylene oxide), hydroxyethyl
cellulose, and poly(vinylpyrrolidone), which possess the advantages
of low fluorescence background, self-coating capability, and
high sieving ability. We discuss the key parameters that affect
the separation efficiency, including electroosmotic flow,
chemical and physical properties of polymers, background electrolytes,
and additives. The advantages and disadvantages of CE and
MCE in conjunction with laser-induced fluorescence using polymer
solutions for the analyses of DNA and proteins in biological
fluids are highlighted. Several recently developed CE approaches
such as gradient techniques and sample stacking for efficient
and sensitive analyses of DNA and proteins are emphasized.
We also address the trend of using nanomaterials for bioanalysis
in CE and MCE.
[Back to top]
Recent Developments in Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis:
A Review
Jose Zavaleta, Dinora Chinchilla, Abby Brown, Alejandra
Ramirez, Violet Calderon,Taguhi Sogomonyan and Frank A. Gomez
Affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) is a versatile analytical
technique that has been shown to be an efficient and accurate
tool to probe non-covalent interactions and to determine binding
and dissociation constants between receptors and ligands.
ACE uses as its basis the change in migration time of a receptor
upon binding to a ligand generally found in the electrophoresis
buffer. Subsequent analysis using non-interacting standards
realizes values for the binding constant. The technique has
a number of advantages over other binding assay methods in
that binding parameters can be obtained expeditiously, reproducibly,
and with minimal sample quantity requirements and preparation.
This review focuses on the literature describing the use of
ACE from January 2003 to July 2004.
[Back to top]
Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis with Electrochemical
Detection for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants
Gang Chen, Yuehe Lin and Joseph Wang
This paper reviews recent advances and the key strategies
in microchip capillary electrophoresis (CE) with electrochemical
detection (ECD) for separating and detecting a variety of
environmental pollutants. The subjects covered include the
fabrication of microfluidic chips, sample pretreatments, ECD,
typical applications of microchip CE with ECD in environmental
analysis, and future prospects. It is expected that microchip
CE-ECD will become a powerful tool in the environmental field
and will lead to the creation of truly portable devices.
[Back to top]
Electrochemical Biosensors for Superoxide Anion
Yang Tian, Lanqun Mao and Takeo Ohsaka
The determination of superoxide anion (O2•-)
is of great physiological and pathological importance since
O2•- is considered to be involved
in the etiology of aging, cancer, and progressive neurodegenerative
diseases such as Parkinson’s disease. The determination
of the local concentration of O2•-
has been a relatively challenging analytical problem because
of the low concentration, high reactivity and short lifetime
of O2•- in biological systems.
This review raises a number of methods, highlighting electrochemical
methodologies, for the determination of O2•-.
These electrochemical sensors and biosensors and their analytical
characteristics are discussed in detail.
[Back to top]
Quantum-Dot-Tagged Microbeads and their Use as Fluorescent
Biological Probes
Zhen-Li Huang, Yuan-Di Zhao and Qing-Ming Luo
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) hold immense promise as
versatile fluorescent probes in biological staining and diagnostics.
Compared with their organic dyes counterparts, the ideal optical
properties of QDs (e.g., high photobleaching threshold, characteristic
narrow and symmetric fluorescent spectra, size-tunable emission
and simultaneous excitation) offer a possibility to tag biomolecules
in ultra-sensitive biological detection. These unique photophysical
characteristics of QDs also promote the invention of using
QD-tagged microbeads as fluorescent probes for biological
applications including multiplexed bioassays, high-throughput
screening and combinatorial chemistry. This mini-review describes
briefly some background knowledge about QDs, the synthesis
of monodispersion polymeric and silica microbeads, the preparation
and some of the biological applications of QD-tagged microbeads.
Other concepts related to QD-tagged microbeads are discussed.
[Back to top]
Single Cell Proteomics: Challenge for Current Analytical
Science
Bo Xu, Wei Du, Bi-Feng Liu and Qingming Luo
At present, proteomics that promises deep understanding of
genomic functions is developing rapidly. Proteomics at single
cell level represents new challenges that greatly call for
technique innovation in current analytical chemistry. In this
mini-review, the concept of single cell proteomics (SCP) is
clarified. Recent advancement on strategy and methodology
of SCP is reviewed, with emphasis on micro-separation technique
improvement such as ultra-thin layer gel electrophoresis,
multidimensional micro liquid chromatography and capillary
electrophoresis, and microfluidic chip as well. Future development
on SCP is also suggested.
[Back to top]
Human Biomonitoring of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
by HPLC Methods
Naoya Kishikawa, Kaname Ohyama and Naotaka Kuroda
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) affect the internal
endocrine functions in human and thus effective analytical
methods have been developed in recent years. In particular,
quantification of EDCs in human biological fluids is essential
to obtain direct information about the health risk associated
with exposure to these compounds. High performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) has often been applied to the measurement
of relatively polar EDCs for instance bisphenol A, phytoestrogen
and phthalte metabolites in human biological samples. For
detection of EDCs by HPLC, several detection methods such
as ultraviolet, fluorescence, electrochemical detection and
mass spectrometry are used. These detection methods are selected
appropriately in consideration to their sensitivity and selectivity,
and characteristics of analytes. Recently, the use of tandem
mass spectrometry has increased owing to its excellent specificity.
These HPLC methods are used in combination with a suitable
sample preparation technique to remove large amounts of complex
matrices that interfere with the detection of trace amounts
of EDCs in biological fluids and to obtain sufficiently clean
chromatogram. We summarized the detection and preparation
method for the HPLC determination of EDCs and their metabolites
in various human biological fluids such as blood, urine and
breast milk.
[Back to top]
Vibrational Spectroscopic Techniques for the Analysis
of Artefacts with Historical, Artistic and Archaeological
Value
Maite Pérez-Alonso, Kepa Castro and Juan Manuel
Madariaga
During last years the application of chemical analysis to
historical, artistic and archaeological specimens has gained
more and more importance. The integration of scientific studies
with information derived from stylistic or historic knowledge
is really useful for the purposes of conservation, authentication,
dating and attribution. Since the samples under examination
are unique and irreplaceable the specimens must be submitted
to non-destructive or at least micro-destructive analysis.
This work shows an overview of the state-of-the-art of vibrational
spectroscopic techniques (mainly FTIR and Raman spectroscopies)
as an analytical probe in artwork diagnosis, focusing on the
need for specific spectra databases to perform accurate determinations.
Some applications carried out by using both spectroscopic
techniques will be presented.
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