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Current Analytical Chemistry
ISSN: 1573-4110
Current Analytical Chemistry
Volume 3, Number 1, January 2007
Contents
Phosphoproteome and Kinome Analysis: Unique Perspectives
on the Same Problem Pp. 1-15
Shakiba Jalal, Jason Kindrachuk and Scott Napper
[Abstract] [Full
text article]
Protein Unfolding and Conformational Studies
by Capillary Electrophoresis Pp. 17-31
Jennilee M.A. Gavina and Philip Britz-McKibbin
[Abstract] [Full
text article]
Characterization of Natural Organic Binding Media
in Museum Objects by Capillary Electrophoresis Pp.
33-40
Isabella Kaml and Ernst Kenndler
[Abstract] [Full
text article]
Electrochemical Oxidation of Prednisolone at Glassy
Carbon Electrode and Its Quantitative Determination in Human
Serum and Tablets by Osteryoung Square Wave Voltammetry
Pp. 41-46
Selahattin Yilmaz, Slowomira Skrzypek, Yusuf Dilgin, Sultan
Yagmur and Mahmut Coskun
[Abstract] [Full
text article]
Solution-State NMR Experiments Based on Heteronuclear
Cross-Polarization Pp. 47-68
Pau Nolis and Teodor Parella
[Abstract] [Full
text article]
Liquid Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis
of Environmental Mutagens Pp. 69-79
Hiroshi Moriwaki
[Abstract] [Full
text article]
Membrane Lipid Domains: Techniques for Visualization
and Characterization Pp. 81-92
Shane Miersch and Bulent Mutus
[Abstract] [Full
text article]
Abstracts
[Back to top]
Phosphoproteome and Kinome Analysis: Unique Perspectives on
the Same Problem
Shakiba Jalal, Jason Kindrachuk and Scott Napper
[Full
text article]
With over 500 members catalyzing an estimated 100,000
phosphorylation reactions, the kinases are among the largest
and most complex families of enzymes. As phosphorylation represents
the pivotal mechanism for regulation of biological processes,
they are also one of the most biologically significant. Development
of analytical techniques for the characterization of phosphorylation
events, in particular from a global vantage point, is therefore
a central priority for proteomic and cell biology researchers.
There are two differing philosophies on the most appropriate
perspective for global phosphorylation analysis, either through
characterization of the phosphoproteome, the sub-population
of proteins that undergo phosphorylation, or the kinome, the
activities of the cellular protein kinases that catalyze phosphorylation.
While each of these approaches strives to describe the same
biological event, they employ unique experimental approaches
to provide distinct, yet complimentary information. Here we
review recent advances in each area, highlight their relative
strengths and weaknesses, and discuss their complimentary
nature for global phosphorylation analysis.
[Back to top]
Protein Unfolding and Conformational Studies
by Capillary Electrophoresis
Jennilee M.A. Gavina and Philip Britz-McKibbin
[Full
text article]
Sensitive yet selective techniques for characterizing protein
unfolding are important for assessing the conformational stability
of wild-type and recombinant protein. This review presents
a summary of recent developments in protein unfolding by capillary
electrophoresis (CE). Relative to conventional spectroscopic
methods, CE offers a versatile microseparation format for
performing unfolding studies using small amounts of protein
mixtures based on thermal or chemical denaturation. The fundamental
theory of protein unfolding in CE, as well as correction factors
required to normalize non-specific changes in apparent mobility
are examined in this review. The integration of in-capillary
ligand stripping with dynamic protein unfolding by CE provides
a convenient way to characterize holoproteins without sample
pre-treatment. CE is also a useful format for resolving protein
conformational intermediates involving multimeric proteins
or oligomers that is relevant to understanding the dynamics
of misfolded proteins. This review covers protein unfolding
and conformational studies from 1991-2006 with emphasis on
recent developments in CE that highlight its significance
as a complementary biophysical tool for protein characterization.
[Back to top]
Characterization of Natural Organic Binding Media
in Museum Objects by Capillary Electrophoresis
Isabella Kaml and Ernst Kenndler
[Full
text article]
Since ancient times many natural organic materials have been
used in artistic and historic works as binders, adhesives,
fillers and coatings. The identification of these materials
is important not only for a proof of authenticity; for restorers
and conservators it is essential to recognize the materials
and technologies employed by artists and craftsmen. For identification
and characterisation of the different natural organic binders
spectrometric and chromatographic methods are well established.
Recently, capillary electrophoresis has been introduced as
an alternative technique to receive analytical information
about the kind and composition of the binding media used in
artefacts. These materials are waxes, resins, drying oils,
animal glues and plant gums. In the present review the application
of capillary electrophoresis in this area is discussed against
the background of a general survey of the more common analytical
techniques.
[Back to top]
Electrochemical Oxidation of Prednisolone at Glassy
Carbon Electrode and Its Quantitative Determination in Human
Serum and Tablets by Osteryoung Square Wave Voltammetry
Selahattin Yilmaz, Slowomira Skrzypek, Yusuf Dilgin, Sultan
Yagmur and Mahmut Coskun
[Full
text article]
A simple, rapid, selective and sensitive electrochemical method
for the direct determination of prednisolone in spiked human
serum and tablets was developed. The electrochemical oxidation
and determination of prednisolone has been carried out at
glasy carbon electrode (GCE) in various aquaeous solution
in the pH range of 0.56-12.30 by cyclic (CV) and Osteryoung
square wave voltammetry (OSWV). The best results were obtained
for the determination of prednisolone by OSWV method in 0.5
mol L-1 sulphuric acid at about pH 0.56. The peak
current and peak potential depends on pH, so its influence
and also scan rate were studied. The diffusion controlled
by nature of the peak was established. This electroanalytical
procedure enabled to determine prednisolone in the concentration
range 1.0 x10-6-2.0x10-5 mol L-1.
This limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification
(LOQ) were obtained as 3.4x10-7 and 4.5x10-7
mol L-1 respectively. Precision and accuracy of
the developed method were checked by recovery studies in spiked
tablets and human serum.
[Back to top]
Solution-State NMR Experiments Based on Heteronuclear
Cross-Polarization
Pau Nolis and Teodor Parella
[Full
text article]
Heteronuclear coherence transfer in liquid-state NMR applications
has been traditionally performed using pulse-interrupted delay
schemes such as INEPT-type pulse trains. So far, the alternative
use of heteronuclear cross-polarization (HCP) has only been
limited to a few cases involving exclusively in-phase to in-phase
transfers. In this revision work a theoretical description
on the effect and the characteristic anisotropic features
of HCP is introduced in terms of product operator formalism.
A very intuitive and simple graphical black-box approach based
on a pictorial non-classical vector representation that only
consider the available input/output magnetization is also
presented to understand the general transformations that are
undergoing under such rather complex HCP processes. The appropriate
manipulation of magnetization components during the HCP block
offers novel concepts in pulse sequence design. In this way,
new liquid-state multidimensional NMR methods incorporating
HCP-driven processes have recently been developed and successfully
applied for both small-to-medium-sized molecules and large
labeled bio-molecules, as will be discussed in this review.
[Back to top]
Liquid Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis
of Environmental Mutagens
Hiroshi Moriwaki
[Full
text article]
One of the most important ecological problems is mutagenic
pollution in the environment, and the determination of mutagenic
compounds in environmental samples is of special interest.
In the current article, a review of the liquid chromatography-mass
spectrometry (LC/MS) based methods published so far for the
determination of mutagens in the environment is presented.
Mutagens included in this review are polycyclic aromatic compounds,
heterocyclic aromatic amine compounds, azo dyes, aldehydes
and pesticides. Advanced aspects of current analysis of mutation
research using LC/MS, including analysis of urinary metabolites
of mutagens and DNA modification, are also discussed.
[Back to top]
Membrane Lipid Domains: Techniques for Visualization
and Characterization
Shane Miersch and Bulent Mutus
[Full
text article]
Early studies in to lipids that comprised cellular membranes
noted an asymmetrical distribution of lipids between different
membranes which contrasted with the contemporary concept of
the plasma membrane as a homogeneous mixture of lipid in which
both lipids and membrane-associated proteins exhibit unfettered
mobility. The ability of lipids to form inhomogeneities capable
of restricting lateral mobility has since been demonstrated
in both model and cell membranes. It has further been shown
that lipids possess the ability to preferentially associate
and co-exist in domains rich in particular classes of lipid,
most notably cholesterol, sphingolipids, and glycolipids.
In cells, ‘rafts’ further appear to be enriched
in raft-targeted proteins. These observations have led to
the hypothesis that phase-separated domains may act as signaling
platforms capable of recruiting proteins thus facilitating
their interaction for transduction of cellular signals.
Experimental evidence largely based upon detergent isolation
of raft domains has since been provided implicating laterally
organized lipid domains in a litany of both physiological
and pathophysiological processes including T-cell activation,
B-cell antigen signaling, thromboregulation, Alzheimers disease
and atherosclerosis. However, the field is often criticized
for interpretations which may lack physiological relevance
due to artifact arising from isolation procedures. Thus, investigators
are increasingly looking to spectroscopic techniques to obtain
information about phase-separated domains. This review seeks
to summarize the current knowledge and understanding of raft
structure, and provide a first foray in to the fundamentals
and application of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques
to characterize attributes and dynamics of cellular lipid
microdomains.
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