Current Cardiology Reviews

ISSN: 1573-403X - Volume 4, 4 Issues, 2008

Editorial Advisory Board:

W. Abraham (The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA)
K. Adams (Univ. N. Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA)
E. Alexanderson (Inst. Nacional de Cardiol. Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico)
O. Alfieri (Hospital San Raffaele, Milan, Italy)
L. Almasy (Southwest Foundation Biomed Research, San Antonio, TX, USA)
R.J. Anderson (Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, USA)
S.D. Anker (National Heart & Lung Institute, London, UK)
M. Antunes (University Coimbra Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal)
C. Antzelevitch (Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, NY, USA)
P. Anversa (New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA)
H.T. Aretz (Harvard Medical Intitute, Boston, MA, USA)
P. Backx (University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, USA)
J.J. Badimon (Mt. Sinai Sch. Medicine, New York, NY, USA)
C. Balke (Univ. Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA)
C. Ballantyne (Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA)
N.R. Banner (Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, Middx, UK)
G.F. Baxter (University of London, London, UK)
T. Bennett (University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK)
D. Benos (University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA)
R.L. Benza (University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA)
P. Berger (Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA)
D.S. Berman (University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA)
M.C. Berndt (Monash University, Clayton, Australia)
S. Betocchi (Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy)
G.E. Billman (The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA)
Y. Birnbaum (The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA)
N. Bishopric (University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA)
S. Blankenberg (University of Paris, Paris, France)
A. Bobik (Baker Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia)
H.G. Bogren (University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA)
U. Bortolotti (University of Pisa Medical School, Pisa, Italy)
C.J. Boucek (University of South Florida, Petersburg, FL, USA)
P. Boyden (Columbia University, New York, NY, USA)
E. Braunwald (Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA)
R. Brugada (Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, NY, USA)
H.R. Brunner (CHU Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland)
D.L. Brutsaert (University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium)
M. Budoff (Univ. Calif. Los Angeles, Torrance, CA, USA)
T.P. Carrel (University Hospital, Berne, Switzerland)
I. Carrio (University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain)
G. Casolo (University of Florence, Florence, Italy)
E. Chaikof (Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA)
D. Chambers (Guys & St. Thomas NHS Hospital Trust, London, UK)
K.M. Channon (University of Oxford, Oxford, UK)
K. Chatterjee (Univ. Calif. San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA)
M.D. Cheitlin (Univ. Calif. San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA)
D. Chemla (Hopital de Bicetre-Universite Paris Sud 11, Paris, France)
J.H. Chesebro (Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA)
J. Cigarroa (Univ. Texas SW Med. Center, Dallas, TX, USA)
H. Cingolani (National University, La Plata, Argentina)
A.J. Coats (University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia)
M. Cohen (Newark Beth Israel Medical Center, Newark, NJ, USA)
J. Cohn (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA)
D.V. Cokkinos (Univeresity of Athens, Athens, Greece)
P.M. Colletti (University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA)
A. Colombo (EMO Center Cuore Columbus, Milano, Italy)
D. Cooley (Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA)
A. Corno (Alder Hey Royal Children Hospital, Liverpool, UK)
F. Crea (Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy)
J.R. Crouse (Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA)
G. Crystal (University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA)
M.J. Curtis (St. Thomas Hospital, London, UK)
P.D. Orleans-Juste (Univ. Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ, Canada)
J.H. Dark (Freeman Road Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK)
A. Daugherty (University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA)
U. de Faire (Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden)
P.W. de Leeuw (University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands)
J. Deanfield (Inst. Child Health, London, UK)
M. Delmar (SUNY Upstate Med. Universaity, Syracuse, NY, USA)
M.C. Deng (Columbia University, New York, NY, USA)
W. Desmet (UH Gasthuisberg, Louvain, Belgium)
M.F. di Carli (Brigham & Womens Hospital, Boston, MA, USA)
M. Doyle (Allegheny Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA)
H. Drexler (Hannover Med. School, Hannover, Germany)
D.J. Duncker (University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands)
H.J. Eisen (Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA)
U. Elk ayam (University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA)
R.C. Elkins (University Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, USA)
M. Endoh (Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan)
M. Enriquez-Sarano (Mayo Clinic & Mayo Fdn. Rochester, MN, USA)
M. Entman (De Bakey Heart Center, Houston, TX, USA)
E. Falk (Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark)
X. Fang (University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA)
T.B. Ferguson (Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA, USA)
O. Feron (University of Louvain Medical School, Brussels, Belgium)
V.A. Ferrari (Hospital University Penn., Philadelphia, PA, USA)
I. Fleming (Klinikum JWG University, Frankfurt, Germany)
M.A. Fogel (Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA)
D. Fontaine (UniversitŽ Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium)
J. Forrester (UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA)
G.A. Francis (Univ. Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada)
J. Freedman (Boston University, Boston, MA, USA)
G.L. Freeman (Univ. Texas, Hlth. Sci. Ctr., San Antonio, TX, USA)
M.G. Friedrich (University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada)
V. Froelicher (Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA)
E.D. Frohlich (Ochsner Clinic Fdn., New Orleans, LA, USA)
S. Fujii (Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan)
C. Furberg (Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA)
G. Gabbiani (Ctr. Med. Univ. Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland)
M.R. Garcia-Palmieri (University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA)
J. Gardin (St. John Hosp. & Med. Ctr., Detroit, MI, USA)
J.F. George (Universiy of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA)
J. Ghali (Cardiac Center, Shreveport, LA, USA)
M. Gheorghiade (Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA)
A. Gillinov (The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA)
S. Goldstein (Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA)
A. Gotlieb (University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada)
S. Gottlieb (Univ. Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA)
K.L. Grady (Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA)
W.F. Graier (Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria)
A. Hagege (Hop Europeen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France)
K. Hamano (Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan)
M. Hamdan (University Texas SW. Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA)
K.L. Hamilton (University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA)
C. Hamm (Kerckhoff Heart Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany)
G. Hansson (Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden)
E. Hasser (University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA)
C. Hehrlein (Med. Univ. Klin III, Freiburg, Germany)
D.D. Heistad (University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA)
G. Heller (Univ. of Connecticut Sch. of Med., Hartford, CT, USA)
M.Y. Henein (Univ. London Imperial Coll. Sci. Technol. & Med., London, UK)
J.A. Hill (UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA)
T. Hintze (New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA)
M. Hiraoka (Labour Insurance Appeal Committee, Tokyo, Japan)
R.E. Hobbs (Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA)
D. Holmes (Mayo Clinic & Mayo Fdn., Rochester, MN, USA)
M. Hori (Osaka University, Osaka, Japan)
D. Hou (Saint Josph’s Hospital/Saint Joseph’s Translantional Research Institute, Atlanta, GA; USA)
J.W. Hurst (Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA)
A.E. Iskandrian (University Blvd., Birmingham, AL, USA)
H. Ito (Sakurabashi Watanabe Hospital, Osaka, Japan)
A. Jaffe (Mayo Clinic & Mayo Fdn., Rochester, MN, USA)
D. Jain (Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA)
C. January (University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA)
M. Jerosch-Herold (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA)
R. Jonas (Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA)
P.H. Jones (Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA)
T. Kamp (University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI, USA)
K. Kario (Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan)
J.C. Kaski (St. George Hospital, London, UK)
H. Katus (Univ. Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany)
Z. Katusic (Mayo Clinic & Mayo Fdn., Rochester, MN, USA)
S. Kaul (Cedars Sinai Med. Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA)
M. Kern (St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA)
B. Khandheria (Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA)
W. Kim (Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA)
M. Kirby (Duke University, Durham, NC, USA)
T. Kita (University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan)
D. Kitzman (Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA)
N. Kleiman (Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA)
L. Klein (Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA)
I. Komuro (Chiba University, Chiba, Japan)
S. Kostin (Max Planck Institute, Bad Nauheim, Germany)
C.M. Kramer (University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA)
E. Kranias (Univ. Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA)
W. Kraus (Duke University, Durham, NC, USA)
R. Kukreja (Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA)
L.H. Kuller (University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA)
K. Kunzelman (Central Maine Heart & Vascular Inst., ME, USA)
M. Labinaz (University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada)
I. Laher (Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada)
N.H. Lameire (University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium)
R. Lasley (University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA)
C.J. Lavie (Alton Ochsner Med. Fdn. & Ochsner Clinic, New Orleans, LA, USA)
K. Lee (Duke University, Durham, NC, USA)
E. Lewandowski (University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA)
M.M. Lewinter (University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA)
W. Lewis (Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA)
P. Li (Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA)
J. Li (Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA)
P. Lijnen (University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium)
B.R. Lucchesi (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA)
P. Lucchesi (LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA)
A.J. Lusis (University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA)
A. Maggioni (ANMCO Research Center, Florence, Italy)
K. Mahaffey (Duke Clin. Res. Institute, Durham, NC, USA)
B. Maisch (Univ. Marburg, Marburg, Germany)
M. Majesky (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA)
M. Malik (St. George Hospital, London, UK)
A. Malliani (University of Milan, Milan, Italy)
G. Mancia (Universitˆ degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy)
K.G. Mann (University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA)
W. Manning (Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA)
A.J. Manolis (Boston University, Boston, MA, USA)
A. Marian (Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA)
A. Marks (Columbia Univ. Coll. Phys. & Surgeons, New York, NY, USA)
J. Martin (CSIC, Granada, Spain)
M.A. Martinez-Rios (National Institute of Cardiology, Mexico City, Mexico)
M.G. Massad (Div. Cardiothoracic Surgery, Univ. Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA)
G. Matherne (University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA)
M.A. Matlib (University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA)
H. Matsubara (Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan)
T. Matsuda (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan)
H. Matsuda (Osaka University, Osaka, Japan)
A. Matsumori (Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan)
M. Matsuzaki (Yamaguchi Universaity, Yamaguchi, Japan)
L. Matturri (State University of Milan, Milan, Italy)
S. Mavrogeni (Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece)
B.E. Mcmanus (University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada)
C.A. Mcnamara (University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA)
M.R. Mehra (Alton Ochsner Med. Fdn. & Ochsner Clinic, New Orleans, LA, USA)
R. Mehta (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA)
J. Mehta (University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA)
G. Meissner (University of N. Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA)
P. Merlini (Osped Maggiore Niguarda, Milan, Italy)
L.W. Miller (Univ. Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA)
V.M. Miller (Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA)
R.M. Mills (Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA)
R.H. Mohiaddin (Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK)
F. Morady (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA)
R. Morishita (Osaka University, Osaka, Japan)
E. Morkin (Arizona Health Science Center, Tucson, AZ, USA)
J.D. Morrow (Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA)
M. Moscucci (Univ. of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA)
D. Moser (University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA)
E. Murphy (NIEHS, NIH, Res. Triangle Park, NC, USA)
E. Nagel (German Heart Institute Berlin, Berlin, Germany)
Y. Nakamura (Kyoto Women's University, Kyoto, Japan)
T. Nakata (Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan)
M. Navab (University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA)
K.S. Nayak (University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA , USA)
T. Neunteufl (University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria)
N. Nikitin (University Hull Castle Hill Hospital, Yorks, UK)
R.M. Norris (University of Auckland School of Medicine, Auckland, New Zealand)
E. Ohman (University of N. Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA)
H. Oral (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA)
M. Ovize (Univ. Lyon 1, Lyon, France)
M.C. Oz (Columbia Presbyterian Med. Ctr., New York, NY, USA)
M. Ozkan (Kosuyolu Heart & Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey)
I. Palacios (Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA)
J. Panza (Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA)
S.J. Park (Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea)
P. Pauletto (University of Padua, Treviso, Italy)
C.J. Pepine (University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA)
J.K. Perloff (University Calif. Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA)
E. Peterson (Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA)
P. Ping (UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA)
H.M. Piper (Univ. Giessen, Giessen, Germany)
L. Pires (St. Johns Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA)
M. Portman (Childrens Hosp. & Reg. Med. Center, Seattle, WA, USA)
K. Przyklenk (UMASS Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA)
T. Quinn (Sch. Hlth. & Soc. Sci., Coventry University, Coventry, UK)
T.J. Rabelink (Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands)
B. Radovancevic (Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA)
F. Recchia (New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA)
T. Reffelmann (University Hospital, Med. Klin 1, RWTH, Aachen, Germany)
M. Rich (Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA)
V. Richard (University of Rouen, Rouen, France)
W.C. Roberts (Baylor University, Dallas, TX, USA)
J.R. Roelandt (Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands)
M. Rossi (University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil)
M. Runge (University of N. Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA)
W. Ruzyllo (Inst. Cardiol., Warsaw, Poland)
H. Sabbah (Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA)
D.J. Sahn (Oregon Hlth. Sci. University, Portland, OR, USA)
Y. Saito (Chiba University, Chiba, Japan)
S. Sasayama (Hamamatsu Rosai Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan)
H.R. Schelbert (Univ. Calif. Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA)
V.B. Schini-Kerth (Univ. Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France)
J.D. Schipke (Univ. Klinikum Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany)
D.J. Schneider (University of Vermont, Colchester, VT, USA)
S. Schroeder (Univ. Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany)
R. Schulz (University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada)
H. Schunkert (Med. Univ. Lubeck, Lubeck, Germany)
S.M. Schwartz (Cincinnati Children's Hospital Med. Ctr., Cincinnati, OH, USA)
R. Schwartz (Baylor College Medicine, Houston, TX, USA)
R. Scognamiglio (University of Padua, Padua, Italy)
P. Segers (Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium)
C. Seiler (Univ. Hosp. Bern, Bern, Switzerland)
P.W. Serruys (Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands)
P. Shah (Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA)
C.M. Shanahan (Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK)
A. Sharma (University of Calif., San Diego, CA, USA)
N. Sharpe (The National Heart Foundation of NZ, Auckland, New Zealand)
M.J. Shattock (The Rayne Institute, London, UK)
H. Shennib (McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada)
H. Shimokawa (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan)
V. Sinitsyn (Cardiology Research Center, Moscow, Russia)
H. Sinzinger (ASF Wilhelm Auerswald Atherosclerosis Res. Group, Vienna, Austria)
K. Sipido (Katholieke Univ., Louvain, Belgium)
C. Sobey (Monash University, Victoria, Australia)
R. Solaro (Univ. Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA)
V. Somers (Mayo Clinic & Mayo Fdn., Rochester, MN, USA)
M. Sosnowski (Silesian Medical School, Katowice, Poland)
J. Staessen (Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium)
S. Steinberg (Columbia University, New York, NY, USA)
H.C. Strauss (SUNY Buffalo Sch. Biol. & Med. Sci., NY, USA)
A. Stromberg (Linkoping University Hospital, Linkoping, Sweden)
S. Taddei (University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy)
R. Taillefer (Univ. Montreal, Montreal, PQ, Canada)
L. Tavazzi (IRCCS, Pavia, Italy)
A. Tedgui (Hop. Lariboisiere, Paris, France)
A. Terzic (Mayo Clinic & Mayo Fdn., Rochester, MN, USA)
P. Theroux (Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, PQ, Canada)
J. Towbin (Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA)
H. Tsutsui (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan)
A. Vahanian (Bichat Hospital, Paris, France)
G. Valen (Karolinska Institutr, Stockholm, Sweden)
F. van de Werf (Univ. Hosp. Gasthuisberg, Louvain, Belgium)
E.E. van der Wall (Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands)
V.W. van Hinsbergh (Cardiovasc. Res. Inst., Amsterdam, The Netherlands)
D.R. van Wagoner (Cleveland Clinic Fdn., Cleveland, OH, USA)
P.M. Vanhoutte (University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China)
J.P. Veinot (Ottawa Civic Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada)
H.O. Ventura (Alton Ochsner Med. Fdn. & Ochsner Clinic, New Orleans, LA, USA)
E.G. Walsh (University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA)
R.C. Webb (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA)
K. Webster (University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA)
F. Weidinger (Innsbruck University, Innsbruck, Austria)
D. Weill (UCHSC, Denver, CO, USA)
H. Weiss (UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA)
J.L. Weitz (Henderson Research Center, Hamilton, ON, Canada)
N.K. Wenger (Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA)
S. Westaby (Oxford Heart Center, Oxford, UK)
E. Wever ( St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands)
S.A. Wickline (Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA)
T. Wight (Hope Heart Institute, Seattle, WA, USA)
J. Wilson (Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA)
K. Wu (The University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA)
A. Yildirir (Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey)
A. Zanchetti (Osped Maggiore Center, Milan, Italy)
A. Zeiher (University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany)
J. Zhang (University of Minnesota Health Science Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA)
H.G. Zimmer (University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany)
I.H. Zucker (Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA)