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Recent
Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation
ISSN: 1872-2113
Recent Patents on Drug Delivery
& Formulation
Volume 2, Number 1, January 2008
Contents
Recent Patents on Ocular Drug Delivery Systems
Pp. 1-8
Barbara R. Conway
[Abstract]
Liposomal Formulation for Dermal and Transdermal Drug
Delivery: Past, Present and Future Pp. 9-18
Mohamed I. Nounou, Labiba K. El-Khordagui, Nawal A. Khalafallah
and Said A. Khalil
[Abstract]
On the Use of Hydrogels in Cell Encapsulation and
Tissue Engineering Systems Pp. 19-24
Christopher G. Thanos and Dwaine F. Emerich
[Abstract]
Recent Patents Review on Intranasal Administration
for CNS Drug Delivery Pp. 25-40
Viral Jogani, Kaustubh Jinturkar, Tushar Vyas and Ambikanandan
Misra
[Abstract]
A Review of Patent Literature for Iontophoretic Delivery
and Devices Pp. 41-50
Purna C. Kasha and Ajay K. Banga
[Abstract]
Enhancing Transdermal Drug Delivery with Electroporation
Pp. 51-57
Tak-Wah Wong, Shu-Fen Ko and Sek-Wen Hui
[Abstract]
Dental Therapeutic Systems Pp. 58-67
Nilu Jain, Gaurav K. Jain, Zeenat Iqbal, Sushma Talegaonkar,
Alka Ahuja, Roop K. Khar and Farhan J. Ahmad
[Abstract]
Potential of Nanocarriers in Genetic Immunization
Pp. 68-82
Kapil Khatri, Amit K. Goyal and Suresh P. Vyas
[Abstract]
Patents on Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems -
A Review Pp. 83-89
Bhavna, Mushir Ali, Sanjula Baboota and Javed Ali
[Abstract]
Patent Selections Pp. 90-93
Abstracts
[Back to top]
Recent Patents on Ocular Drug Delivery Systems
Barbara R. Conway
There are three main routes for delivery of drugs to
the eye: topical, systemic and intra-ocular injection. Controlled
delivery systems, such as ocular inserts, minitablets and
disposable lenses, can be applied to the exterior surface
of the eye for treatment of conditions affecting the anterior
segment of the eye. Extended residence times following topical
application have the potential to improve bioavailability
of the administered drug and additionally a range of strategies
has been tested to improve penetration including cyclodextrins,
liposomes and nanoparticles. The first part of this review
will focus on recent patent filings in this area. The second
part of the review reports on drug delivery strategies for
treatment of diseases of the posterior segment of the eye.
The development of therapeutic agents that require repeated,
long-term administration is a driver for the development of
sustained-release drug delivery systems to result in less
frequent dosing and less invasive techniques. This review
article focuses on recently patented applications (from March
2004 to present) of drug delivery systems for ocular delivery.
[Back to top]
Liposomal Formulation for Dermal and Transdermal Drug
Delivery: Past, Present and Future
Mohamed I. Nounou, Labiba K. El-Khordagui, Nawal A Khalafallah
and Said A. Khalil
Although the formulation of effective topical drug delivery
system is one of the most sophisticated pharmaceutical preparations,
it has attracted researchers due to many medical advantages
associated with it. Topical drug delivery systems can act
superficially on skin surface, locally in dermal layer of
the skin or transdermally to provide successful delivery of
drug molecules to the systemic circulation avoiding the traditional
problems and limitations of conventional routes of drug delivery.
Many novel formulations have been utilized topically to enhance
either permeability or drug targeting to a specific layer
of the skin such as Liposomes, ethosomes, transfersomes, niosomes
and catezomes. The main problem with all of these formulations
is that there is no distinct barrier between the targeting
and localization action to a certain layer of the skin and
the transdermal action to the circulation of these preparations.
Any minimal change in the formulation could transform it from
a local targeting preparation to a systemic one. This article
deals with the innovations pertaining to the use of various
types of liposomal preparations and liposomal like preparations
for topical drug delivery and the patents associated with
it.
[Back to top]
On the Use of Hydrogels in Cell Encapsulation and Tissue Engineering
Systems
Christopher G. Thanos and Dwaine F. Emerich
Regenerative medicine requires the coordinated rebuilding
of tissue and preservation of normal physiologic function.
Cellular therapy incorporating tissue engineering principals
has been among the most effective therapies, due to specific
interactions between materials, cells, factors, and ligands
that have been delineated over the last 5 decades. The current
generation of these modalities incorporates the ability to
control integration in vivo in a time- and space-dependent
fashion. Hydrogels have been used as biofunctional vehicles
for the introduction of these cell-based systems, and new
techniques allow for the control of cell adhesion, proliferation,
differentiation, and other biologic functions in vivo.
With these more robust methods in place, and the ability to
scale up and manufacture clinical materials, additional innovations
have evolved that allow for ectopic or orthotopic administration
of cellular therapies to treat disorders that have previously
seen limited therapeutic promise due to inability to provide
time-matched therapy. As such, critical discoveries have gained
a unique niche portfolio of novel patents, accounting for
a large portion of those newly filed in the field of biotechnology.
These include the novel hydrogel compositions engineered by
David Mooney and his colleagues, various tissue bulking and
reconstructive applications invented by Hubbell and others,
and other important patents in this field. The inventions
described here provide insight into important aspects of this
overall movement, and demonstrate significant immediate clinical
utility in a variety of indications.
[Back to top]
Recent Patents Review on Intranasal Administration for CNS
Drug Delivery
Viral Jogani, Kaustubh Jinturkar, Tushar Vyas and Ambikanandan
Misra
The treatment of brain disorders is the greatest challenge
because of a variety of formidable obstacles in effective
drug delivery and maintaining therapeutic concentrations in
the brain for a prolonged period. The brain is a delicate
organ, and evolution built very efficient ways to protect
it. The same mechanisms that protect it against intrusive
chemicals can also frustrate therapeutic interventions. Approximately,
100% of large molecule drugs and >98% of small molecule
drugs do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Many advanced
and effective approaches to brain delivery of drugs have emerged
in recent years. Intranasal drug delivery is one of the important
delivery options for brain targeting, as the brain and nose
compartments are connected to each other via the olfactory/trigeminal
route and via peripheral circulation. Realization of nose
to brain transport and the therapeutic viability of this route
can be traced from the ancient times and has been investigated
for rapid and effective transport in the last two decades.
Many patents have been filed in recent past, claiming enhanced
delivery of intranasally administered therapeutics to the
brain via olfactory/trigeminal neural pathways, use of novel
devices for targeted delivery to olfactory region etc. Various
models have been designed and studied by scientists to establish
the qualitative and quantitative transport through nasal mucosa
to brain. The development of nasal drug products for brain
targeting is still faced with enormous challenges. A better
understanding in terms of properties of the drug candidate,
nose to brain transport mechanism, and transport to and within
the brain is of utmost importance. A critical review of recent
patents claiming different approaches for enhanced brain delivery
through the nasal route will help in determining the focus
of this promising area of research.
[Back to top]
A Review of Patent Literature for Iontophoretic Delivery and
Devices
Purna C. Kasha and Ajay K. Banga
Skin forms a protective barrier to the entry of foreign
molecules, especially water soluble compounds. Iontophoresis,
one of the promising approaches to deliver water soluble drugs
through the skin, has already been approved by FDA to deliver
lidocaine and fentanyl. Iontophoresis involves application
of current (< 0.5 mA/cm2)
to push charged molecules into, or across the body tissue
and offers programmable delivery. This technique encompasses
various fields such as developing a device, sophistication
of the device, electrode design, electronics and formulation.
In addition, combination strategies with other enhancement
techniques, is also gaining importance. The focus of this
review is on the latest developments in the field of iontophoresis
including trends in device development, electrode design,
formulation and therapeutic applications as described in the
patent literature.
[Back to top]
Enhancing Transdermal Drug Delivery with Electroporation
Tak-Wah Wong, Shu-Fen Ko and Sek-Wen Hui
The application of electroporation to enhance transdermal
delivery has opened up a new possibility to introduce larger
molecules such as peptide hormones and vaccines as well as
minigenes and RNAi etc. through the transdermal route. Many
devices have been developed to deliver the pulse electric
field needed to permeate the skin. These devices include both
non-puncturing surface electrodes as well as puncturing electrodes
of different geometrical arrangements. The latter type uses
electroporation only to increase uptake of molecules injected
through the puncturing electrode or syringe. Different electroporation
protocols have been developed to maximize transport, uptake
and minimizing pain. Synergistic effect of chemical enhancers
and physical (sonic, vibrational and thermal) treatments are
used to enhance the transport. This article reviews the patents
pertaining to the instrumentation as well as application protocols
of transdermal delivery, uptake enhancement and interstitial
fluid sampling by electroporation.
[Back to top]
Dental Therapeutic Systems
Nilu Jain, Gaurav K. Jain, Zeenat Iqbal, Sushma Talegaonkar,
Alka Ahuja, Roop K. Khar and Farhan J. Ahmad
The recognition of periodontal diseases as amenable to
local antibiotherapy has resulted in a paradigmatic shift
in treatment modalities of dental afflictions. Moreover the
presence of antimicrobial resistance, surfacing of untoward
reactions owing to systemic consumption of antibiotics has
further advocated the use of local delivery of physiologically
active substances into the periodontal pocket. While antimicrobials
polymerized into acrylic strips, incorporated into biodegradable
collagen and hollow permeable cellulose acetate fibers, multiparticulate
systems, bio-absorbable dental materials, biodegradable gels/ointments,
injectables, mucoadhesive microcapsules and nanospheres will
be more amenable for direct placement into the periodontal
pockets the lozenges, buccoadhesive tablets, discs or gels
could be effectively used to mitigate the overall gingival
inflammation. Whilst effecting controlled local delivery of
a few milligram of an antibacterial agent within the gingival
crevicular fluid for a longer period of time, maintaining
therapeutic concentrations such delivery devices will circumvent
all adverse effects to non- oral sites. Since the pioneering
efforts of Goodson and Lindhe in 1989, delivery at gingival
and subgingival sites has witnessed a considerable progress.
The interest in locally active systems is evident from the
patents being filed and granted. The present article shall
dwell in reviewing the recent approaches being proffered in
the field. Patents as by Shefer, et al. US patent,
6589562 dealing with multicomponent biodegradable bioadhesive
controlled release system for oral care products, Lee, et
al. 2001, US patent 6193994, encompassing a locally administrable,
biodegradable and sustained-release pharmaceutical composition
for periodontitis and process for preparation thereof and
method of treating periodontal disease as suggested by Basara
in 2004via US patent 6830757, shall be the types of intellectual
property reviewed and presented in the current manuscript.
[Back to top]
Potential of Nanocarriers in Genetic Immunization
Kapil Khatri, Amit K. Goyal and Suresh P. Vyas
DNA vaccination (or genetic immunization) strategies
provide important opportunities for improving immunization,
since both humoral and cell-mediated responses are induced.
The use of genetic vaccines for inducing immunity to infectious
agents can eliminate or significantly alleviate the pathology
associated with a broad range of infections. A requirement
for efficient DNA vaccination is the development of gene delivery
systems capable of overcoming barriers to gene transfection.
Compared to viral systems, nonviral systems are considered
to be safe, cheap, multiple delivery is possible and able
to deliver larger pieces of DNA. Also, these nanocarriers
avoid DNA degradation and facilitate targeted delivery to
antigen presenting cells. This review describes the potential
of non-viral nanocarrier construct(s) in genetic immunization.
Issued patents in the field were retrieved from the US patent
database. Various carrier systems used to deliver plasmid
DNA were reviewed in detail.
[Back to top]
Patents on Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems - A Review
Bhavna, Mushir Ali, Sanjula Baboota and Javed Ali
For the past few decades, there has been a considerable
research interest in the area of drug delivery using particulate
delivery systems as carriers for bioactive agents. Until now
several reviews have been compiled on the nanoparticulate
system concentrating on the various research works but there
is no review, which compiles patents available for the nanoparticulate
systems. Particulate systems like nanoparticles have been
used as a physical approach to alter and improve the pharmacokinetic
and pharmacodynamic properties of various types of drug molecules.
A review on patents related to the nanoparticulate drug delivery
systems has been prepared to summarize patents reported for
the methods of preparation, applications in therapies and
drug delivery. The status of patents for oral, topical and
parenteral delivery has been discussed and the commercialized
technology of nanoparticles for medical application has also
been compiled.
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