The Open Economics Journal

ISSN: 1874-9194 Volume 1, 2008

Instructions for Authors

The Open Economics Journal is an Open Access online journal, which publishes original research articles, reviews and short articles in all areas on the science of economics and its applications, including economic theory and policy.

Manuscripts may be submitted directly to toeconsj@benthamopen.org. Each peer-reviewed article that is published in a Bentham OPEN Journal is universally and freely accessible via the Internet in an easily readable and printable PDF format.

ONLINE MANUSCRIPT SUBMISSION: An online submission and tracking service via Internet facilitates a speedy and cost-effective submission of manuscripts.¹ The full manuscript has to be submitted using our online submission service available via FTP at www.bentham-ftp.org/open/?toeconsj

Manuscripts must be submitted by one of the authors of the manuscript, and should not be submitted by anyone on their behalf. The principal/corresponding author will be required to submit a Covering Letter along with the manuscript, on behalf of all the co-authors (if any). The author(s) will confirm that the manuscript (or any part of it) has not been published previously or is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. Furthermore, any illustration, structure or table that has been published elsewhere must be reported, and copyright permission for reproduction must be obtained.

For all online submissions, please provide your complete manuscript in the form of a single zipped folder containing soft copies of all the materials (main text in MS word format, figures / illustrations in TIFF, PDF or JPEG and tables in MS Word, and mathematical expressions in *TeX / MathML as separate files, while a PDF version of the entire manuscript must also be included, embedded with all the figures / illustrations / tables etc.

It is imperative that before submission, authors should carefully proofread the files for special characters, mathematical symbols, Greek letters, equations, tables and images, quantitative evidence and analysis, to ensure that they appear in proper format.

A successful electronic submission of a manuscript will be followed by a system-generated acknowledgement to the principal/corresponding author within 72 hours of the dispatch of the manuscript. Any questions with regards to the preparation of and submission of your manuscript to the journal should be addressed to toeconsj@benthamopen.org and copied to anila@benthamscience.org

NOTE: Any queries therein should be addressed to oa@bentham.org and copied to Jalil@bentham.org

Manuscript Preparation: The manuscript should be written in English in a clear, direct and active style. All pages must be numbered sequentially, facilitating in the reviewing and editing of the manuscript.

For further convenience, the customer support team available at Bentham Publication Services (www.benthampublishingservices.com) can provide assistance to authors for the preparation of manuscripts.

TeX/LaTeX File Users:
Though Bentham OPEN prefers manuscripts in MS Word format, users of *TeX/LaTeX processor may submit the original/source file of their manuscript along with a camera-ready PDF file in a presentable form (refer to Sample File).

Manuscript Length:

Letters: The maximum total page length for Letter type articles published in the journal is nine journal pages. Each journal page is on average 900 words.

Research Articles: The minimum total page length for Research articles is ten journal pages, and the maximum thirty pages. Each journal page is on average 900 words.

Review Articles: The maximum page length limit for comprehensive Review articles is forty pages. For Mini-Review articles, the maximum page length is nine journal pages. Each journal page is on average 900 words.

Manuscripts Published: The Journal accepts letters/ short communications, original research articles, and mini- and full-length review articles written in English. Supplements and proceedings of conferences may also be considered for publication.

Supplements: The journal will consider for publication supplements. A supplement will be a collection of articles (6 to 10 articles) based on a theme or topic of great importance to the field. A short summary proposal for editing a supplement should be submitted to the Editor at e-mail toeconsj@benthamopen.org with a copy to oa@bentham.org

Conference Proceedings: The journal will consider for publication proceedings of relevant conferences in the field. Proposals for publishing conference proceedings should be submitted to the Editor at e-mail toeconsj@benthamopen.org with a copy to oa@bentham.org

MANUSCRIPT SECTIONS FOR PAPERS: Manuscripts for research articles and letters submitted to the respective journals should be divided into the following sections; however, there can be an extension in the number of sections in review articles in accordance with the requirements of the topic.

Covering letter
Title page
Abstract
Text organization
List of abbreviations (if any)
Conflict of interest (if any)
Acknowledgements (if any)
References
Figures/illustrations (if any)
Tables and captions (if any)
Supportive/supplementary material (if any)
Appendix

COVERING LETTER: A mandatory requirement is a covering letter that should be provided with the submitted manuscript, delineating the scope of your submitted article, declaring any potential competing interests, acknowledging contributions from authors and funding agencies, and certifying that the paper is prepared according to the ‘Instructions for Authors’. All inconsistencies in the text and in the reference section, and any typographical errors must be carefully checked and corrected before submission of the manuscript. Download the Covering letter

TITLE: The title should be precise and brief and must not be more than 120 characters. Authors should avoid the use of non-standard abbreviations. The title must be written in title case except for articles, conjunctions and prepositions.

Authors should also provide a short ‘running title’.

ABSTRACT: The abstract should not exceed 250 words for review and research papers and should be limited to only 150 words for letters, summarizing the essential features of the article. The use of abbreviations should be reduced to a minimum and the references should not be cited in the abstract.

TEXT ORGANIZATION: The main text should begin on a separate page and should be divided into separate sections. For Research articles, the preparation of the main text must be structured into separate sections as Introduction, Materials and Methodology, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion. For Review and Letter articles, the manuscript should be divided into title page, abstract and the main text. The text may be subdivided further according to the areas to be discussed, which should be followed by the Acknowledgement (if any) and Reference sections. The review article should mention any previous important reviews in the field and contain a comprehensive discussion starting with the general background of the field. It should then go on to discuss the salient features of recent developments. The authors should avoid presenting material which has already been published in a previous review.

In case the manuscript contains quantitative evidence and analysis, the procedures should be described in sufficient detail for convenient evaluation. For instance, for surveys, at the least, sampling procedures, response rates, and question wordings should be given; the response rates should be calculated according to one of the standard formulas given by the American Association for Public Opinion Research, Standard Definitions: (http://www.aapor.org/standards.asp). Final Dispositions of Case Codes and Outcome Rates for Surveys (Lenexa, KS: AAPOR, 2006). For experiments, full descriptions of experimental protocols, methods of subject recruitment and selection, subject payments and debriefing procedures, and so on. should be provided and not just simply refer readers to other publications for descriptions of these basic research procedures.

The variables included in statistical analyses should be indicated by capitalizing the first letter in the variable name and italicizing the entire variable name the first time each it is mentioned in the text. The use of the names for variables should be consistent throughout i.e. in text, tables, and figures. Wherever possible, the use of acronyms and computer abbreviations when discussing variables in the text should be avoided. All variables appearing in tables and figures should be mentioned in the text and the reason for their inclusion discussed.

Ethical Approval of Studies and Informed Consent: For human or animal experimental investigations, it is a prerequisite to provide a formal review and approval, or review and waiver, by an appropriate institutional review board or Social Sciences committee and should be documented in your paper. For investigations undertaken on human subjects, state in the Methods section the manner in which the informed consent was obtained from the study participants (i.e, oral or written), where there is an unavoidable risk of breach of privacy- e.g., in a clinical photograph or in case details- the patient’s written consent or that of the next of kin, to publication must be obtained. We will ask you to send a signed consent form before publication. Consent must be obtained for all Case Reports and Clinical Pictures.

The authors are advised to present and discuss their observations in brief. The manuscript style must be uniform throughout the text and 10 pt Times New Roman fonts should be used. The full term for an abbreviation should precede its first appearance in the text unless it is a standard unit of measurement. The reference numbers should be given in square brackets in the text. Italics should be used for Binomial names of organisms (Genus and Species), for emphasis and for unfamiliar words or phrases. Non-assimilated words from Latin or other languages should also be italicized e.g. in vivo, in vitro, per se, et al. etc. Generic or clinical names should be used for all compounds. The species of any animals should be stated precisely. Materials and products should be identified in the text followed by the trade name in brackets.

Greek Symbols and Special Characters: Greek symbols and special characters often undergo formatting changes and get corrupted or lost during preparation of manuscript for publication. To ensure that all special characters used are embedded in the text, these special characters should be inserted as a symbol but should not be a result of any format styling (Symbol font face) otherwise they will be lost during conversion to PDF/XML.²

Authors are encouraged to consult reporting guidelines. These guidelines provide a set of recommendations comprising a list of items relevant to their specific research design. All kinds of measurements should be reported only in International System of Units (SI). Chemical equations, chemical names, mathematical usage, unit of measurements, chemical and physical quantity & units must conform to SI and Chemical Abstracts or IUPAC.

All kinds of measurements should be reported only in International System of Units (SI).

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS: If abbreviations are used in the text either they should be defined in the text where first used, or a list of abbreviations can be provided.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Financial contributions to the work being reported should be clearly acknowledged, as should any potential conflict of interest.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Please acknowledge anyone (individual/company/institution) who has contributed to the study by making substantial contributions to conception, design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data, or who was involved in drafting the manuscript or revising it critically for important intellectual content. Please list the source(s) of funding for the study, for each author, and for the manuscript preparation in the acknowledgements section.

REFERENCES: References must be listed in the numerical system (Vancouver). All references should be numbered sequentially [in square brackets] in the text and listed in the same numerical order in the reference section. The reference numbers must be finalized and the bibliography must be fully formatted before submission.

See below few examples of references listed in the correct Vancouver style.

Journal Articles:
Alesina A, La Ferrara E. Who trusts others? J Public Econ 2002; 85(2): 207-34

Book Reference:
Coleman J. Foundations of social theory. London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 1990.

Edited Book:
Hazlitt H, Ed. The critics of Keynesian economics New York: New York University Press 1983.

Typical Chapter Reference:
Mario M . Deposit ,Credit and Interest Rate Determination under Alternative Bank Objective Functions. In: Szegö GP, Shell K Eds. Mathematical Methods in Investment and Finance, Amsterdam: North Holland 1972: pp. 430-54.

Technical and Research Reports:
Lugg DJ. Physiological adaptation and health of an expedition in Antarctica: with comment on behavioural adaptation. Canberra: A.G.P.S.; 1977. Australian Government Department of Science, Antarctic Division. ANARE scientific reports. Series B(4), Medical science No. 0126.

Government report:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Pressure ulcers in adults: Prediction and prevention (AHCPR Publication No. 92-0047). Rockville, MD: Author, 1992.

Government report, GPO Publisher:
National Institute of Mental Health. Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1990.

Article in an Internet-only journal:
Kinsella NS. Reply to Palmer. 2003, Aug 18.
http://blog.lewrockwell.com/lewrw/archives/001240.html

Website:
Stephen T , Chen J. “Banking on Reform.” China Business Review, 2006 May-June,
http://www.chinabusinessreview.com.

Conference:
Bickman L, Ellis H, Eds. Preparing Psychologists for the 21st Century: Proceedings of the National Conference on Graduate Education in Psychology; 1988, University of Utah. Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum; 1990.

Thesis or dissertation:
Borkowski MM. Infant sleep and feeding: a telephone survey of Hispanic Americans. PhD [dissertation]. Mount Pleasant (MI): Central Micihigan University; 2002.

Patent:
Pagedas AC. Flexible endoscopic grasping and cutting device and positioning tool assembly. United States patent US 20020103498, 2002 Aug 1.

APPENDIXES:
In case where there is a need to present lengthy, but essential methodological details, use appendixes, which can be given at the end of the article. The information should be provided in a condensed form, ruling out the need of full sentences. Tables should not be included in appendixes. A single appendix should be titled APPENDIX, while more than one can be titled APPENDIX A, APPENDIX B, and so on.

FIGURES / ILLUSTRATIONS: The authors should provide the illustrations as separate files, as well as embedded in the text file, numbered consecutively in the order of their appearance. Each figure should include a single illustration. No charges will be levied on the use of color figures except in the reprints. Each figure should be closely cropped to minimize the amount of white space surrounding the illustration.

If a figure consists of separate parts, it is important that a single composite illustration file be submitted, containing all parts of the figure.

Photographs should be provided with a scale bar if appropriate, as well as high-resolution component files.

Scaling/Resolution
For Line Art image type, which is generally an image based on lines and text and does not contain tonal or shaded areas, the preferred file format is TIFF or EPS, with color mode being Monochrome 1-bit or RGB, in a resolution of 900-1200 dpi.

For Halftone image type, which is generally a continuous tone photograph and contains no text, the preferred file format is TIFF, with color mode being or RGB or Grayscale, in a resolution of 300 dpi.

For Combination image type, which is generally an image containing halftone in addition to text or line art elements, the preferred file format is TIFF, with color mode being or RGB or Grayscale, in a resolution of 500-900 dpi.

Formats

For illustrations, the following file formats are acceptable:

• Illustrator
• EPS (preferred format for diagrams)
• PDF (also especially suitable for diagrams)
• PNG (preferred format for photos or images)
• Microsoft Word (version 5 and above; figures must be a single page)
• PowerPoint (figures must be a single page)
• TIFF
• JPEG (conversion should be done using the original file)
• BMP

Bentham OPEN does not process figures submitted in GIF format.

If the large size of TIFF or EPS figures acts as an obstacle to online submission, authors may find that conversion to JPEG format before submission results in significantly reduced file size and upload time, while retaining acceptable quality. JPEG is a 'lossy' format, however. In order to maintain acceptable image quality, it is recommended that JPEG files are saved at High or Maximum quality.

Files should not be compressed with tools such as Zipit or Stuffit prior to submission as these tools will in any case produce negligible file-size savings for JPEGs and TIFFs, which are already compressed.

Please do not:
1. Supply embedded graphics in your word processor (spreadsheet, presentation) document;
2. Supply files that are optimized for screen use (like GIF, BMP, PICT, WPG); the resolution is too low;
3. Supply files that are too low in resolution.
4. Submit graphics that are disproportionately large for the content.

Image Conversion Tools

There are many software packages, many of them freeware or shareware, capable of converting to and from different graphics formats, including PNG.

Good general tools for image conversion include GraphicConverter on the Macintosh, PaintShop Pro, for Windows, and ImageMagick, which is available on Macintosh, Windows and UNIX platforms.

Note that bitmap images (e.g. screenshots) should not be converted to EPS, since this will result in a much larger file size than the equivalent JPEG, TIFF, PNG or BMP, with no increase in quality. EPS should only be used for images produced by vector-drawing applications such as Adobe Illustrator or CorelDraw. Most vector-drawing applications can be saved in, or exported as, EPS format. In case the images have been originally prepared in an Office application, such as Word or PowerPoint, then the original Office files should be directly uploaded to the site, instead of being converted to JPEG or another format that may be of low quality.

TABLES:
* Data Tables should be submitted in Microsoft Word table format.
* Each table should include a title/caption being explanatory in itself with respect to the details discussed in the table. Detailed legends may then follow.
* Table number in bold font i.e. Table 1, should follow a title. The title should be in small case with the first letter in caps. A full stop should be placed at the end of the title.
* Tables should be embedded in the text exactly according to their appropriate placement in the submitted manuscript.
* Columns and rows of data should be made visibly distinct by ensuring that the borders of each cell are displayed as black lines.
* Tables should be numbered in Arabic numerals sequentially in order of their citation in the body of the text.
* If a reference is cited in both the table and text, please insert a lettered footnote in the table to refer to the numbered reference in the text.
* Tabular data provided as additional files can be submitted as an Excel spreadsheet.

SUPPORTIVE/SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: We strongly encourage to append supportive material, for example a PowerPoint file containing a talk about the study, a PowerPoint file containing additional screenshots, a Word, RTF, or PDF document showing the original instrument(s) used, a video, or the original data (SAS/SPSS files, Excel files, Access Db files etc.).

Supportive/Supplementary material intended for publication must be numbered and referred to in the manuscript. In-text citations as well as a section with the heading "Supportive/Supplementary Material" before the "References" section should be provided. Here, list all Supportive/Supplementary Material and include a brief caption line for each file describing its contents.

Any additional files will be linked into the final published article in the form supplied by the author, but will not be displayed within the paper. They will be made available in exactly the same form as originally provided. Please also make sure that each additional file is a single table, figure or movie (please do not upload linked worksheets or PDF files larger than one sheet). Supportive/ Supplementary material must be provided in a single zipped file.

Authors must clearly indicate if these files are not for publication but meant for the reviewers'/editors' perusal only.

PERMISSION FOR REPRODUCTION: Published/reproduced material should not be included unless you have obtained written permission from the copyright holder, which should be forwarded to the Editorial Office in case of acceptance of your article for publication.

For obtaining permission for reproducing any material published in a paper by a Bentham Science, please fill in the request FORM and send to toeconsj@benthamopen.org for consideration.

AUTHORS AND INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATIONS: The author will be required to provide their full names, the institutional affiliations and the location, with an asterisk in front of the name of the principal/corresponding author. The corresponding author(s) should be designated and their complete address, business telephone and fax numbers and e-mail address must be stated to receive correspondence and galley proofs.

REVIEWING AND PROMPTNESS OF PUBLICATION: All manuscripts submitted for publication will be immediately subjected to peer-reviewing, usually in consultation with the members of the Editorial Advisory Board and a number of external referees. Authors may, however, provide in their Covering Letter the contact details (including e-mail addresses) of four potential peer reviewers for their paper. Any peer reviewers suggested should not have recently published with any of the authors of the submitted manuscript and should not be members of the same research institution.

All peer-reviewing will be conducted via the Internet to facilitate rapid reviewing of the submitted manuscripts. Every possible effort will be made to assess the manuscripts quickly with the decision being conveyed to the authors in due course.

LANGUAGE AND EDITING: Manuscripts must be written in good English in a clear and correct style. In order to maintain uniformity throughout the text, the manuscript should be written in either American or British English. Submitted manuscripts will not be edited for style or language, and reviewers may advise rejection of a manuscript if it is compromised by grammatical errors. Non-native speakers of English may choose to make use of a copyediting and language editing service such as that provided by Bentham Publication Service (please contact at email: info@benthampublishingservices.com).

PROOF CORRECTIONS: Authors are required to proofread the PDF versions of their manuscripts before submission. To avoid delays in publication, proofs should be checked immediately for typographical errors and returned within 48 hours. Major changes are not acceptable at the proof stage. If unable to send corrections within 48 hours due to some reason, the author(s) must at least send an acknowledgement on receiving the galley proofs or the article will be published exactly as received and the publishers will not be responsible for any error occurring in the manuscript in this regard.

The corresponding author will be solely responsible for ensuring that the revised version of the manuscript incorporating all the submitted corrections receives the approval of all the authors of the manuscript.

COPYRIGHT: Authors who publish in Bentham OPEN Journals retain copyright to their work. Submission of a manuscript to the respective journals implies that all authors have read and agreed to the content of the Covering Letter. It is a condition of publication that manuscripts submitted to this journal have not been published and will not be simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere. Once submitted to the journal, the authors will not withdraw their manuscript at any stage prior to publication. Plagiarism is strictly forbidden.

PUBLICATION FEES: The publication fee details for each article published in the journal are given below:

Letters: The publication fee for each published Letter article submitted is $600.

Research Articles: The publication fee for each published Research article is $800.

Mini-Review Articles: The publication fee for each published Mini-Review article is $600.

Review Articles: The publication fee for each published Review article is $900.

Once the paper is accepted for publication, the author will receive by email an electronic invoice. The fee form is also available on the Web site at www.bentham.org/open/feeform Submissions from the Editorial Board Members of the journal will receive a special discount of 50% on the total publication fee. Submissions by authors from developing countries will receive a discount of 30% on the total publication fee charge.

REPRINTS: High quality printed reprints of published articles are available for purchase, if ordered, with a minimum number of 100 reprints.

¹ The submission process is compatible with version 3.0 or later of Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator, and with most other modern Web browsers. It can be used from PC, Mac, or Unix platforms.

² In this connection, we recommend the use of Microsoft Word version 2000 and above.